Effect of Use of NSAID- Ibuprofen in Prolonged Therapeutic Doses on Mucosa of Lower Respiratory Tract of Mice- A Histological Study

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of drugs that provides analgesic (pain-killing) and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects and in higher doses, anti-inflammatory effects. The present case control study was performed to find out whether prolonged oral administration of a non-selective NSAID- ibuprofen in therapeutic doses produces any micro-structural changes in the mucosa of lower respiratory tract of adult Swiss albino mice. Methods: The adult Swiss albino mice (25 in each group) weregiven either 40mg/kg commercial ibuprofen suspension (experimental group) or equivalent volume of distilled water (control group) by oral route by gastric gavage method once daily for 6 weeks. Histomorphometry was performed with linear ocular micrometer scale to quantify certain histological parameters namely outerdiameter, inner diameter, wall thickness and proportion of wall thickness (PWT). Results: Reduction in the body weight at the end of dosing period in both the groups of mice but significant weight loss in experimental group of mice. Microscopically the findings of less airy lung tissue in the experimental group were notable. Mean values of proportion of wall thickness (PWT) were compared in experimental and control group and although apparently the PWT in experimental group seemed to be increased it was not significant statistically. Conclusion: The present study reflects the low possibility of toxic role of ibuprofen on the lung tissue of the mice in human equivalent therapeutic doses although it is not statistically significant. Hence, although any life threatening side effect has not been noticed in the mice, its use should be judged before advocating prolonged dosage.

The Histological Study to Correlate the Effect of NSAIDIbuprofen on the Proportion of Epithelial Height in the Wall of Lower Respiratory Airways

Background: The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tract. The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, principal bronchi and the remaining airway in the lungs. The aim of present study is to correlate the chronic use of NSAID-Ibuprofen (therapeutic doses) and histological changes in mucosa of lower respiratory tract of Swiss albino mice. Methods: The adult Swiss albino mice (25 in each group) were given either 40mg/kg commercial ibuprofen suspension (experimental group) or equivalent volume of distilled water (control group) by oral route by gastric gavage method. 7 μm thick longitudinally cut section of lung were studied under microscope after staining with Masson’s trichrome, Alcian blue, PAS and H & E stains. Histomorphometry was performed with linear ocular micrometer scale to quantify certain histological parameters namely epithelial height and proportion of epithelium height in an airway wall (PEH). The data was subjected to statistical analysis to obtain significance. Results: Proportion of epithelial height in the walls of airways (PEH) was found to be slightly lower in experimental small, intermediate and large airway groups but when compared with control group it was found to be statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The apparent decrease in the height of epithelium in the airways of the experimental groups along with the increase in proportion of wall thickness (not significant statistically) is suggestive of a corresponding gain in muscle thickness. This feature might reflect the tendency towards bronchospasm in experimental set of mice.

Association of pattern reversal VEP parameters with the Meandefect of Humphrey visual field in patients of primary open Angleglaucoma.

Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive bilateral optic neuropathy which disturbs the structural or functional integrity of the optic nerve that causes characteristic atrophic changes in it, which leads to specific visual field defects over time with loss of visual function. Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form of glaucoma in India and is fast emerging as a major cause of bilateral blindness. This rural hospital based study was conducted to evaluate whether glaucomatous visual field defects particularly the mean defect of Humphrey visual field could be related to VEP parameters of patients having POAG. Visual field by Humphrey perimeter and simultaneous recordings of pattern reversal visual evoked potential (PRVEP) were assessed in 100 patients with POAG. There was a significant (P<0.05) negative correlation of P100 latency, N155 latency and P100 duration and a highly significant (P<0.001) positive correlation of P100 amplitude with mean deviation (index of global visual field damage, MD) of Humphrey visual field in the subjects of POAG in various age groups. N70 latency showed a non-significant positive correlation with MD. The VEP changes observed by us in POAG patients were consistent with the progressing mean defect quantitatively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the VEP parameters can be useful quantitative indices in the evaluation of glaucomatous visual function damage.

The anthropometric measurements of tibia.

Anthropometry provides scientific method and technique for taking various measurements in different geographic regions and races. The Tibia itself is a complex anatomic unit so anthropometric study was devised on the same. In the present study 60 (26 right and 34 left) intact adult tibia were obtained from the bone bank of Anatomy Department of MGIMS, Sevagram. For this purpose a digital vernier caliper, osteometric board and measuring tape were used. The study was aimed at determining measurements for obtaining Cross-Section Index in middle, Cnemicus Index and Length-Thickness Index for both right and left Tibia. The details of data obtained with relevant review of literature will be discussed. The mean of Cross Sectional index for Right tibias was 102.90± 22.78. Similarly mean of Cross Sectional index for left tibias was 124.31± 25.06. The mean of Cnemicus Index for Right tibias was 66.17 ± 10.68 and for left side these values came out to be 67.31 ± 7.35. These are not statistically significant. The mean of Length-Thickness Index were 24.21 ± 0.96 and 24.43 ± 1.78 for right and left Tibias respectively.

A review of the chronology of epiphyseal union in the bones at knee and ankle joint.

Determination of the age of an individual from the appearance and the fusion of the ossification centres is a well accepted fact in the field of medical and legal professions. The process of formation of bones is called as “ossification”. Ossification of bone is a diagnostic tool for estimation of age until the process is complete for the particular bone. The long bones of lower limb play a vital role in assessment of age both in living and dry remains. Many scientists have tried to conclude there observations on bones of lower limb owing to differences in regional and environmental factors. Countable differences are noticed in the appearance and fusion activities of ossification centers depending on race geographic distribution and sex. Following is a review of works carried out so far in different regions of country as well as throughout the world.

Age determination in girls of Jodhpur Region by epiphyseal union of bones at ankle joint.

There is no statistical data to establish variation in epiphyseal fusion in Western Rajasthan populations. This significant oversight can lead to exclusion of persons of interest in a forensic investigation. Epiphyseal fusion of the distal tibia and fibula in sixty females was analyzed on radiological basis to assess the range of variation of epiphyseal fusion at each age. In the study the X ray films of the subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of degree of fusion. Firstly, those which were showing No Epiphyseal Fusion (N), secondly those showing Partial Union (P), and thirdly those showing Complete Fusion (C). Observations made were compared with the previous studies. Results indicate that complete fusion in females occurs as early as 14 years in the distal tibia and fibula. All females demonstrated complete fusion by 19 years with no significant differences between ancestral groups.